The marking indicates that part of the text has been excluded. 2000 6:199-208.Īfter that you can see how two students have integrated information from the excerpt into their own texts. Xenotransplantation: Is the risk of viral infection as great as we thought? Mol Med Today. when organs or tissues from a donor of one species are transplanted to a recipient of another species (e.g. The following text comes from an article discussing the risks with xenotransplantations, i.e. Instead you write the name of the first author, followed by et al. Note that in most citation styles using the author name in the text reference, you do not have to write all the authors in the text reference if they are more than three. Since the student has used a verbatim quotation the text reference must include a page number, in addition to author and publication year. The original authors are given credit with text references in the Harvard-system. In the second sentence, the part that is taken verbatim from the source is marked with quotation marks. Yes, the student has summarized most of the text in the first sentence. They suggest that the results may be important for preventive health care: “These findings may have wide implications for preventive health care if an individual adopts an active lifestyle in youth and at midlife, this may increase their probability of enjoying both physically and cognitively vital years later in life” (Rovio et al. 2005) has shown that regular physical activity in the middle-age can lower the risk of getting dementia and Alzheimer’s disease by 50% and 60%, respectively. If you would like to keep an original sentence like this, you must show that it is a quote by using quotation marks.Ī Swedish-Finnish research-group (Rovio et al. It is better to try to summarize also this part in one’s own words. Furthermore, the second and third sentences are almost identical to the last sentence in the original text, only a few words have been changed. You can either use a note or an author-date reference, depending on which citation style you are using. Even if the reporting words A Swedish-Finnish research-group has shown… shows that the information comes from an external source, a text reference is also needed to indicate the source reffered to. No, the student has not given the original authors credit with a text reference. If a person adopts an active lifestyle in youth and in the middle age, this may increase his probability of getting physically and cognitively vital years when he gets old. Their results may have wide implications for preventive health care. These findings may have wide implications for preventive health care if an individual adopts an active lifestyle in youth and at midlife, this may increase their probability of enjoying both physically and cognitively vital years later in life.Ī Swedish-Finnish research-group has shown that regular physical activity in the middle-age can lower the risk of getting dementia and Alzheimer’s disease by 50% and 60%, respectively. Our results indicate that regular leisure-time physical activity at midlife may be protective against dementia and AD later in life. The association was somewhat stronger for AD than for overall dementia those in the active group had 60% lower odds of AD compared to those in sedentary group, even after adjusting for a wide array of potential confounding factors. It should contain the complete reference for the source, in this example according to the Harvard-style.Įxcerpt Individuals participating at least twice a week in a leisure-time physical activity had 50% lower odds of dementia compared with sedentary persons. Please notice that the reference list is not included in the example. In the text the abbreviation AD is used for Alzheimer’s disease. 4:11, pp.705-711.Īfter that you can see how two students have integrated information from the excerpt into their own texts. (2005) Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Rovio, S., Kåreholt, I., Helkala, E.-L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., Nissinen, A. In the box there is an excerpt from page 207 from the article:
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